Provider Capabilities

Each adapter implements the unified ScholarlyDataSource interface while handling provider-specific features and limitations.

Supported Providers

Provider	Works Search	Author Search	Citations	References	Batch APIs	Rate Limits
OpenAlex	✅ Cursor	✅ Cursor	✅	✅	✅ 50/req	Polite†
Semantic Scholar	✅ Offset	✅ Offset	✅	✅	✅ 500/req	100/min*
Crossref	✅ Cursor	❌	⚠️ Limited	✅	❌	Polite†

† Polite usage encouraged with mailto parameter

API key required for higher limits

Quick Provider Selection

Choose OpenAlex for:

Comprehensive academic coverage (100M+ works)
Rich metadata and citation networks
Open access status and venue information
No API key required

Choose Semantic Scholar for:

AI/ML/Computer Science focus
High-quality author disambiguation
Advanced search capabilities
Bulk data processing (500 IDs per batch)

Choose Crossref for:

DOI-based workflows
Publisher metadata and licensing
Journal-specific searches
Reliable bibliographic data

Common Behaviors

All adapters share these standardized features:

Query Interface: Unified filters for search, pagination, and field selection
Reliable HTTP: Automatic retries with jittered backoff and Retry-After compliance
Data Normalization: Consistent field mapping across providers
Graph Compatibility: Direct integration with GraphExporter for network analysis
Caching Support: PSR-6/PSR-16 compatible request-level caching
Error Handling: Typed exceptions for different failure modes

Configuration Examples

Environment Variables (Laravel)

# Provider credentials
OPENALEX_MAILTO=researcher@university.edu
S2_API_KEY=your-semantic-scholar-key
CROSSREF_MAILTO=researcher@university.edu

# Global settings
SCHOLARLY_DEFAULT_ADAPTER=openalex
SCHOLARLY_HTTP_TIMEOUT=30
SCHOLARLY_CACHE_STORE=redis

Direct Configuration

$factory = AdapterFactory::make([
    'default' => 'openalex',
    'cache' => new ArrayAdapter(),
    'openalex' => ['mailto' => 'you@example.com'],
    's2' => ['api_key' => 'your-key'],
    'crossref' => ['mailto' => 'you@example.com']
]);

For detailed provider setup and capabilities, see the individual adapter guides:

Core Concepts: Contracts	Architecture	Getting Started
Features: Graph Analytics	Laravel Integration	Provider Adapters
Development: Extending	GitHub Repository

External Resources: OpenAlex API

Semantic Scholar API

Crossref API